Symptoms, origin, and management of concussions explained
Concussions, often referred to as mild brain injuries, are a common occurrence, particularly in sports. They result from a jolt or blow to the head and can cause temporary loss of brain function [1]. Initial symptoms may include dizziness, slurred speech, and amnesia, but in very young children, these signs can be difficult to detect as they cannot explain how they feel [2].
In 2009, there were 446,788 sports-related head injuries treated in hospital emergency rooms in the United States [3]. It is crucial to avoid ignoring concussion symptoms, as a prolonged recovery time can be dangerous, especially in severe cases.
The long-term effects of concussions can be significant, with memory loss, difficulties with concentration, emotional instability, and overall cognitive decline being some of the potential long-term consequences [1]. Repeated concussions, particularly common in contact sports, can increase the risk of more serious conditions such as Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE), a progressive neurodegenerative disease linked to repeated head trauma [1][3].
Cognitive decline from concussions manifests as difficulty focusing on tasks, slowed reaction times, challenges learning and retaining new information, forgetfulness, and disorganization in daily activities [1]. At the cellular level, repeated concussions can trigger sustained activation of microglia in the brain, leading to neuroinflammation and synaptic loss, which contribute to long-term neurodegeneration [2][4].
Measuring cognitive effects involves clinical symptom assessments focused on memory, attention, and executive function, as well as biochemical markers such as serum glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and S100B protein [2]. Neuroimaging and neuropsychological testing are also used to evaluate brain structure and function over time [2].
Managing long-term effects centers on prevention of repeat concussions through awareness, protective equipment, and controlled return to physical activity [2][3]. Early identification and continuous monitoring of symptoms are crucial to provide timely therapeutic interventions. Supportive strategies including cognitive rehabilitation, emotional support, and lifestyle modifications are also essential to maintain quality of life [1][3].
While there is currently no cure for CTE or other chronic effects of concussion, careful management and prevention strategies can reduce risks and help sustain cognitive health over the long term [3]. A well-balanced diet and plenty of exercise can help maintain good bone mass and bone density, potentially reducing the severity of brain injury following a blow to the head.
In children, signs of concussion may include lethargy and listlessness, irregular sleeping patterns, altered appetite, walking or standing unsteadily, or any signs of balance and dizziness problems. Prolonged headache, prolonged dizziness, dilated pupils, prolonged nausea and vomiting, consistent memory loss, ringing in the ears, loss of sense of smell or taste, and any other serious signs should be treated as an emergency and require immediate medical attention.
Acetaminophen, such as Tylenol, is the best painkiller for a headache due to a head injury, while drugs such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and other NSAIDs should be avoided because they thin the blood and increase the risk of internal bleeding [3]. It is important not to return to any sporting activity too soon after a concussion; ask a doctor for guidance. Physical signs returning during recovery time indicate overexertion.
In summary, concussions can cause lasting cognitive impairments, especially when repeated. These effects can be measured through clinical, biochemical, and neuroimaging tools, and managed by prevention, early diagnosis, and supportive care to mitigate long-term brain health consequences [1][2][3][4].
- Beyond sports, individuals living with HIV, a medical-condition, may also experience cognitive decline due to the virus affecting the brain [5].
- In light of this, it's essential to prioritize mental health, fitness-and-exercise, and health-and-wellness, promoting overall brain health and well-being [5].
- Furthermore, studies have shown that a well-balanced diet rich in nutrients like those found in fruits and vegetables can help reduce the risk of chronic diseases, including chronic-diseases arising from repeated concussions or brain injuries [4].
- Interestingly, recent research in science has discovered that certain regular activities, such as yoga and meditation, have positive effects on mental health while also potentially reducing the risk of accidentsandfalls [6].
- Lastly, individuals who suspect they have experienced a concussion should seek immediate medical attention, comparable to the importance of prompt treatment after a PSA (prostate-specific antigen) test for prostate cancer [7].
